Mastering Bitcoin: Programming the Open Blockchain (2017)

Appendix F. pycoin, ku, and tx

The Python library pycoin, originally written and maintained by Richard Kiss, is a Python-based library that supports manipulation of bitcoin keys and transactions, even supporting the scripting language enough to properly deal with nonstandard transactions.

The pycoin library supports both Python 2 (2.7.x) and Python 3 (after 3.3) and comes with some handy command-line utilities, ku and tx.

Key Utility (KU)

The command-line utility ku (“key utility”) is a Swiss Army knife for manipulating keys. It supports BIP-32 keys, WIF, and addresses (bitcoin and alt coins). Following are some examples.

Create a BIP-32 key using the default entropy sources of GPG and /dev/random:

$ ku create

input : create

network : Bitcoin

wallet key : xprv9s21ZrQH143K3LU5ctPZTBnb9kTjA5Su9DcWHvXJemiJBsY7VqXUG7hipgdWaU

m2nhnzdvxJf5KJo9vjP2nABX65c5sFsWsV8oXcbpehtJi

public version : xpub661MyMwAqRbcFpYYiuvZpKjKhnJDZYAkWSY76JvvD7FH4fsG3Nqiov2CfxzxY8

DGcpfT56AMFeo8M8KPkFMfLUtvwjwb6WPv8rY65L2q8Hz

tree depth : 0

fingerprint : 9d9c6092

parent f'print : 00000000

child index : 0

chain code : 80574fb260edaa4905bc86c9a47d30c697c50047ed466c0d4a5167f6821e8f3c

private key : yes

secret exponent : 112471538590155650688604752840386134637231974546906847202389294096567806844862

hex : f8a8a28b28a916e1043cc0aca52033a18a13cab1638d544006469bc171fddfbe

wif : L5Z54xi6qJusQT42JHA44mfPVZGjyb4XBRWfxAzUWwRiGx1kV4sP

uncompressed : 5KhoEavGNNH4GHKoy2Ptu4KfdNp4r56L5B5un8FP6RZnbsz5Nmb

public pair x : 76460638240546478364843397478278468101877117767873462127021560368290114016034

public pair y : 59807879657469774102040120298272207730921291736633247737077406753676825777701

x as hex : a90b3008792432060fa04365941e09a8e4adf928bdbdb9dad41131274e379322

y as hex : 843a0f6ed9c0eb1962c74533795406914fe3f1957c5238951f4fe245a4fcd625

y parity : odd

key pair as sec : 03a90b3008792432060fa04365941e09a8e4adf928bdbdb9dad41131274e379322

uncompressed : 04a90b3008792432060fa04365941e09a8e4adf928bdbdb9dad41131274e379322

843a0f6ed9c0eb1962c74533795406914fe3f1957c5238951f4fe245a4fcd625

hash160 : 9d9c609247174ae323acfc96c852753fe3c8819d

uncompressed : 8870d869800c9b91ce1eb460f4c60540f87c15d7

Bitcoin address : 1FNNRQ5fSv1wBi5gyfVBs2rkNheMGt86sp

uncompressed : 1DSS5isnH4FsVaLVjeVXewVSpfqktdiQAM

Create a BIP-32 key from a passphrase:

WARNING

The passphrase in this example is way too easy to guess.

$ ku P:foo

input : P:foo

network : Bitcoin

wallet key : xprv9s21ZrQH143K31AgNK5pyVvW23gHnkBq2wh5aEk6g1s496M8ZMjxncCKZKgb5j

ZoY5eSJMJ2Vbyvi2hbmQnCuHBujZ2WXGTux1X2k9Krdtq

public version : xpub661MyMwAqRbcFVF9ULcqLdsEa5WnCCugQAcgNd9iEMQ31tgH6u4DLQWoQayvtS

VYFvXz2vPPpbXE1qpjoUFidhjFj82pVShWu9curWmb2zy

tree depth : 0

fingerprint : 5d353a2e

parent f'print : 00000000

child index : 0

chain code : 5eeb1023fd6dd1ae52a005ce0e73420821e1d90e08be980a85e9111fd7646bbc

private key : yes

secret exponent : 65825730547097305716057160437970790220123864299761908948746835886007793998275

hex : 91880b0e3017ba586b735fe7d04f1790f3c46b818a2151fb2def5f14dd2fd9c3

wif : L26c3H6jEPVSqAr1usXUp9qtQJw6NHgApq6Ls4ncyqtsvcq2MwKH

uncompressed : 5JvNzA5vXDoKYJdw8SwwLHxUxaWvn9mDea6k1vRPCX7KLUVWa7W

public pair x : 81821982719381104061777349269130419024493616650993589394553404347774393168191

public pair y : 58994218069605424278320703250689780154785099509277691723126325051200459038290

x as hex : b4e599dfa44555a4ed38bcfff0071d5af676a86abf123c5b4b4e8e67a0b0b13f

y as hex : 826d8b4d3010aea16ff4c1c1d3ae68541d9a04df54a2c48cc241c2983544de52

y parity : even

key pair as sec : 02b4e599dfa44555a4ed38bcfff0071d5af676a86abf123c5b4b4e8e67a0b0b13f

uncompressed : 04b4e599dfa44555a4ed38bcfff0071d5af676a86abf123c5b4b4e8e67a0b0b13f

826d8b4d3010aea16ff4c1c1d3ae68541d9a04df54a2c48cc241c2983544de52

hash160 : 5d353a2ecdb262477172852d57a3f11de0c19286

uncompressed : e5bd3a7e6cb62b4c820e51200fb1c148d79e67da

Bitcoin address : 19Vqc8uLTfUonmxUEZac7fz1M5c5ZZbAii

uncompressed : 1MwkRkogzBRMehBntgcq2aJhXCXStJTXHT

Get info as JSON:

$ ku P:foo -P -j

{

"y_parity": "even",

"public_pair_y_hex": "826d8b4d3010aea16ff4c1c1d3ae68541d9a04df54a2c48cc241c2983544de52",

"private_key": "no",

"parent_fingerprint": "00000000",

"tree_depth": "0",

"network": "Bitcoin",

"btc_address_uncompressed": "1MwkRkogzBRMehBntgcq2aJhXCXStJTXHT",

"key_pair_as_sec_uncompressed": "04b4e599dfa44555a4ed38bcfff0071d5af676a86abf123c5b4b4e8e67a0b0b13f826d8b4d3010aea16ff4c1c1d3ae68541d9a04df54a2c48cc241c2983544de52",

"public_pair_x_hex": "b4e599dfa44555a4ed38bcfff0071d5af676a86abf123c5b4b4e8e67a0b0b13f",

"wallet_key": "xpub661MyMwAqRbcFVF9ULcqLdsEa5WnCCugQAcgNd9iEMQ31tgH6u4DLQWoQayvtSVYFvXz2vPPpbXE1qpjoUFidhjFj82pVShWu9curWmb2zy",

"chain_code": "5eeb1023fd6dd1ae52a005ce0e73420821e1d90e08be980a85e9111fd7646bbc",

"child_index": "0",

"hash160_uncompressed": "e5bd3a7e6cb62b4c820e51200fb1c148d79e67da",

"btc_address": "19Vqc8uLTfUonmxUEZac7fz1M5c5ZZbAii",

"fingerprint": "5d353a2e",

"hash160": "5d353a2ecdb262477172852d57a3f11de0c19286",

"input": "P:foo",

"public_pair_x": "81821982719381104061777349269130419024493616650993589394553404347774393168191",

"public_pair_y": "58994218069605424278320703250689780154785099509277691723126325051200459038290",

"key_pair_as_sec": "02b4e599dfa44555a4ed38bcfff0071d5af676a86abf123c5b4b4e8e67a0b0b13f"

}

Public BIP32 key:

$ ku -w -P P:foo

xpub661MyMwAqRbcFVF9ULcqLdsEa5WnCCugQAcgNd9iEMQ31tgH6u4DLQWoQayvtSVYFvXz2vPPpbXE1qpjoUFidhjFj82pVShWu9curWmb2zy

Generate a subkey:

$ ku -w -s3/2 P:foo

xprv9wTErTSkjVyJa1v4cUTFMFkWMe5eu8ErbQcs9xajnsUzCBT7ykHAwdrxvG3g3f6BFk7ms5hHBvmbdutNmyg6iogWKxx6mefEw4M8EroLgKj

Hardened subkey:

$ ku -w -s3/2H P:foo

xprv9wTErTSu5AWGkDeUPmqBcbZWX1xq85ZNX9iQRQW9DXwygFp7iRGJo79dsVctcsCHsnZ3XU3DhsuaGZbDh8iDkBN45k67UKsJUXM1JfRCdn1

WIF:

$ ku -W P:foo

L26c3H6jEPVSqAr1usXUp9qtQJw6NHgApq6Ls4ncyqtsvcq2MwKH

Address:

$ ku -a P:foo

19Vqc8uLTfUonmxUEZac7fz1M5c5ZZbAii

Generate a bunch of subkeys:

$ ku P:foo -s 0/0-5 -w

xprv9xWkBDfyBXmZjBG9EiXBpy67KK72fphUp9utJokEBFtjsjiuKUUDF5V3TU8U8cDzytqYnSekc8bYuJS8G3bhXxKWB89Ggn2dzLcoJsuEdRK

xprv9xWkBDfyBXmZnzKf3bAGifK593gT7WJZPnYAmvc77gUQVej5QHckc5Adtwxa28ACmANi9XhCrRvtFqQcUxt8rUgFz3souMiDdWxJDZnQxzx

xprv9xWkBDfyBXmZqdXA8y4SWqfBdy71gSW9sjx9JpCiJEiBwSMQyRxan6srXUPBtj3PTxQFkZJAiwoUpmvtrxKZu4zfsnr3pqyy2vthpkwuoVq

xprv9xWkBDfyBXmZsA85GyWj9uYPyoQv826YAadKWMaaEosNrFBKgj2TqWuiWY3zuqxYGpHfv9cnGj5P7e8EskpzKL1Y8Gk9aX6QbryA5raK73p

xprv9xWkBDfyBXmZv2q3N66hhZ8DAcEnQDnXML1J62krJAcf7Xb1HJwuW2VMJQrCofY2jtFXdiEY8UsRNJfqK6DAdyZXoMvtaLHyWQx3FS4A9zw

xprv9xWkBDfyBXmZw4jEYXUHYc9fT25k9irP87n2RqfJ5bqbjKdT84Mm7Wtc2xmzFuKg7iYf7XFHKkSsaYKWKJbR54bnyAD9GzjUYbAYTtN4ruo

Generate the corresponding addresses:

$ ku P:foo -s 0/0-5 -a

1MrjE78H1R1rqdFrmkjdHnPUdLCJALbv3x

1AnYyVEcuqeoVzH96zj1eYKwoWfwte2pxu

1GXr1kZfxE1FcK6ZRD5sqqqs5YfvuzA1Lb

116AXZc4bDVQrqmcinzu4aaPdrYqvuiBEK

1Cz2rTLjRM6pMnxPNrRKp9ZSvRtj5dDUML

1WstdwPnU6HEUPme1DQayN9nm6j7nDVEM

Generate the corresponding WIFs:

$ ku P:foo -s 0/0-5 -W

L5a4iE5k9gcJKGqX3FWmxzBYQc29PvZ6pgBaePLVqT5YByEnBomx

Kyjgne6GZwPGB6G6kJEhoPbmyjMP7D5d3zRbHVjwcq4iQXD9QqKQ

L4B3ygQxK6zH2NQGxLDee2H9v4Lvwg14cLJW7QwWPzCtKHdWMaQz

L2L2PZdorybUqkPjrmhem4Ax5EJvP7ijmxbNoQKnmTDMrqemY8UF

L2oD6vA4TUyqPF8QG4vhUFSgwCyuuvFZ3v8SKHYFDwkbM765Nrfd

KzChTbc3kZFxUSJ3Kt54cxsogeFAD9CCM4zGB22si8nfKcThQn8C

Check that it works by choosing a BIP32 string (the one corresponding to subkey 0/3):

$ ku -W xprv9xWkBDfyBXmZsA85GyWj9uYPyoQv826YAadKWMaaEosNrFBKgj2TqWuiWY3zuqxYGpHfv9cnGj5P7e8EskpzKL1Y8Gk9aX6QbryA5raK73p

L2L2PZdorybUqkPjrmhem4Ax5EJvP7ijmxbNoQKnmTDMrqemY8UF

$ ku -a xprv9xWkBDfyBXmZsA85GyWj9uYPyoQv826YAadKWMaaEosNrFBKgj2TqWuiWY3zuqxYGpHfv9cnGj5P7e8EskpzKL1Y8Gk9aX6QbryA5raK73p

116AXZc4bDVQrqmcinzu4aaPdrYqvuiBEK

Yep, looks familiar.

From secret exponent:

$ ku 1

input : 1

network : Bitcoin

secret exponent : 1

hex : 1

wif : KwDiBf89QgGbjEhKnhXJuH7LrciVrZi3qYjgd9M7rFU73sVHnoWn

uncompressed : 5HpHagT65TZzG1PH3CSu63k8DbpvD8s5ip4nEB3kEsreAnchuDf

public pair x : 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240

public pair y : 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424

x as hex : 79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798

y as hex : 483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8

y parity : even

key pair as sec : 0279be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798

uncompressed : 0479be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798

483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8

hash160 : 751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6

uncompressed : 91b24bf9f5288532960ac687abb035127b1d28a5

Bitcoin address : 1BgGZ9tcN4rm9KBzDn7KprQz87SZ26SAMH

uncompressed : 1EHNa6Q4Jz2uvNExL497mE43ikXhwF6kZm

Litecoin version:

$ ku -nL 1

input : 1

network : Litecoin

secret exponent : 1

hex : 1

wif : T33ydQRKp4FCW5LCLLUB7deioUMoveiwekdwUwyfRDeGZm76aUjV

uncompressed : 6u823ozcyt2rjPH8Z2ErsSXJB5PPQwK7VVTwwN4mxLBFrao69XQ

public pair x : 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240

public pair y : 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424

x as hex : 79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798

y as hex : 483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8

y parity : even

key pair as sec : 0279be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798

uncompressed : 0479be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798

483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8

hash160 : 751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6

uncompressed : 91b24bf9f5288532960ac687abb035127b1d28a5

Litecoin address : LVuDpNCSSj6pQ7t9Pv6d6sUkLKoqDEVUnJ

uncompressed : LYWKqJhtPeGyBAw7WC8R3F7ovxtzAiubdM

Dogecoin WIF:

$ ku -nD -W 1

QNcdLVw8fHkixm6NNyN6nVwxKek4u7qrioRbQmjxac5TVoTtZuot

From public pair (on Testnet):

$ ku -nT 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240,even

input : 550662630222773436695787188951685343262506034537775941755001873603

89116729240,even

network : Bitcoin testnet

public pair x : 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240

public pair y : 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424

x as hex : 79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798

y as hex : 483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8

y parity : even

key pair as sec : 0279be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798

uncompressed : 0479be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798

483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8

hash160 : 751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6

uncompressed : 91b24bf9f5288532960ac687abb035127b1d28a5

Bitcoin testnet address : mrCDrCybB6J1vRfbwM5hemdJz73FwDBC8r

uncompressed : mtoKs9V381UAhUia3d7Vb9GNak8Qvmcsme

From hash160:

$ ku 751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6

input : 751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6

network : Bitcoin

hash160 : 751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6

Bitcoin address : 1BgGZ9tcN4rm9KBzDn7KprQz87SZ26SAMH

As a Dogecoin address:

$ ku -nD 751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6

input : 751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6

network : Dogecoin

hash160 : 751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6

Dogecoin address : DFpN6QqFfUm3gKNaxN6tNcab1FArL9cZLE

Transaction Utility (TX)

The command-line utility tx will display transactions in human-readable form, fetch base transactions from pycoin’s transaction cache or from web services (blockchain.info and biteasy.com are currently supported), merge transactions, add or delete inputs or outputs, and sign transactions.

Following are some examples.

View the famous “pizza” transaction:

$ tx 49d2adb6e476fa46d8357babf78b1b501fd39e177ac7833124b3f67b17c40c2a

warning: consider setting environment variable PYCOIN_CACHE_DIR=~/.pycoin_cache to cache transactions fetched via web services

warning: no service providers found for get_tx; consider setting environment variable PYCOIN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS=BLOCKR_IO:BLOCKCHAIN_INFO:BITEASY:BLOCKEXPLORER

usage: tx [-h] [-t TRANSACTION_VERSION] [-l LOCK_TIME] [-n NETWORK] [-a]

[-i address] [-f path-to-private-keys] [-g GPG_ARGUMENT]

[--remove-tx-in tx_in_index_to_delete]

[--remove-tx-out tx_out_index_to_delete] [-F transaction-fee] [-u]

[-b BITCOIND_URL] [-o path-to-output-file]

argument [argument ...]

tx: error: can't find Tx with id 49d2adb6e476fa46d8357babf78b1b501fd39e177ac7833124b3f67b17c40c2a

Oops! We don’t have web services set up. Let’s do that now:

$ PYCOIN_CACHE_DIR=~/.pycoin_cache

$ PYCOIN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS=BLOCKR_IO:BLOCKCHAIN_INFO:BITEASY:BLOCKEXPLORER

$ export PYCOIN_CACHE_DIR PYCOIN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS

It’s not done automatically so a command-line tool won’t leak potentially private information about what transactions you’re interested in to a third-party website. If you don’t care, you could put these lines into your .profile.

Let’s try again:

$ tx 49d2adb6e476fa46d8357babf78b1b501fd39e177ac7833124b3f67b17c40c2a

Version: 1 tx hash 49d2adb6e476fa46d8357babf78b1b501fd39e177ac7833124b3f67b17c40c2a 159 bytes

TxIn count: 1; TxOut count: 1

Lock time: 0 (valid anytime)

Input:

0: (unknown) from 1e133f7de73ac7d074e2746a3d6717dfc99ecaa8e9f9fade2cb8b0b20a5e0441:0

Output:

0: 1CZDM6oTttND6WPdt3D6bydo7DYKzd9Qik receives 10000000.00000 mBTC

Total output 10000000.00000 mBTC

including unspents in hex dump since transaction not fully signed

010000000141045e0ab2b0b82cdefaf9e9a8ca9ec9df17673d6a74e274d0c73ae77d3f131e000000004a493046022100a7f26eda874931999c90f87f01ff1ffc76bcd058fe16137e0e63fdb6a35c2d78022100a61e9199238eb73f07c8f209504c84b80f03e30ed8169edd44f80ed17ddf451901ffffffff010010a5d4e80000001976a9147ec1003336542cae8bded8909cdd6b5e48ba0ab688ac00000000

** can't validate transaction as source transactions missing

The final line appears because to validate the transactions’ signatures, you technically need the source transactions. So let’s add -a to augment the transactions with source information:

$ tx -a 49d2adb6e476fa46d8357babf78b1b501fd39e177ac7833124b3f67b17c40c2a

warning: transaction fees recommendations casually calculated and estimates may be incorrect

warning: transaction fee lower than (casually calculated) expected value of 0.1 mBTC, transaction might not propogate

Version: 1 tx hash 49d2adb6e476fa46d8357babf78b1b501fd39e177ac7833124b3f67b17c40c2a 159 bytes

TxIn count: 1; TxOut count: 1

Lock time: 0 (valid anytime)

Input:

0: 17WFx2GQZUmh6Up2NDNCEDk3deYomdNCfk from 1e133f7de73ac7d074e2746a3d6717dfc99ecaa8e9f9fade2cb8b0b20a5e0441:0 10000000.00000 mBTC sig ok

Output:

0: 1CZDM6oTttND6WPdt3D6bydo7DYKzd9Qik receives 10000000.00000 mBTC

Total input 10000000.00000 mBTC

Total output 10000000.00000 mBTC

Total fees 0.00000 mBTC

all incoming transaction values validated

Now, let’s look at unspent outputs for a specific address (UTXO). In block #1, we see a coinbase transaction to 12c6DSiU4Rq3P4ZxziKxzrL5LmMBrzjrJX. Let’s use fetch_unspent to find all coins in this address:

$ fetch_unspent 12c6DSiU4Rq3P4ZxziKxzrL5LmMBrzjrJX

a3a6f902a51a2cbebede144e48a88c05e608c2cce28024041a5b9874013a1e2a/0/76a914119b098e2e980a229e139a9ed01a469e518e6f2688ac/333000

cea36d008badf5c7866894b191d3239de9582d89b6b452b596f1f1b76347f8cb/31/76a914119b098e2e980a229e139a9ed01a469e518e6f2688ac/10000

065ef6b1463f552f675622a5d1fd2c08d6324b4402049f68e767a719e2049e8d/86/76a914119b098e2e980a229e139a9ed01a469e518e6f2688ac/10000

a66dddd42f9f2491d3c336ce5527d45cc5c2163aaed3158f81dc054447f447a2/0/76a914119b098e2e980a229e139a9ed01a469e518e6f2688ac/10000

ffd901679de65d4398de90cefe68d2c3ef073c41f7e8dbec2fb5cd75fe71dfe7/0/76a914119b098e2e980a229e139a9ed01a469e518e6f2688ac/100

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